Anatomy and physiology of the adrenal glands
2 adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system. They are located just above eachkidney, buried deep in the upper part of the abdomen.
Structure
The adrenal glands are made of three layers of tissue:
adrenal cortex (cortex)
outer layer of the adrenal gland
made of glandular tissue (gland)
composed of 3 layers (internal, external, intermediate)
adrenal Medulla (Medullary)
internal layer of the adrenal gland
made of nervous tissue (nerve)
capsule
external coating of the adrenal gland
made of dense fibrous tissue
Function
As part of the endocrine system, the adrenal glands produce hormones.
Adrenal cortex
The adrenal cortex produces several hormones. The most important are aldosterone(Mineralocorticoid), cortisol (glucocorticoid) and androgen and estrogen (sexhormones). These hormones regulate metabolism and body characteristics, such ashair growth and hair and the shape of the body.
Aldosterone
It helps the kidneys regulate the amount of salt in the blood and tissues of the body.
Cortisol (called hydrocortisone)
It helps the body to balance and use the carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
It causes changes in metabolism to help the body deal with stress.
It weakens the immune system.
Androgen (male sex hormone) and estrogen (female sex hormone)
Excessive androgen production is more common than the excessive production of estrogen.
The adrenal cortex is composed of an inner layer, a middle layer and an outer layer.Aldosterone is produced in the outer layer. Cortisol, androgen and estrogen areproduced in the inner layer (active area) and stored in the intermediate layer (storagearea). In times of stress, the storage area shrinks and the active area thickens tosecrete hormones.
Adrenal Medulla
The hormones produced by the adrenal Medulla are called catecholamines. They actnot only as hormones but also as neurotransmitters, or chemical messengers of thenervous system. They are responsible for the reaction of the body to stress. 2 the mostimportant catecholamines are as follows:
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
It is released during short periods of stress (fear or shock suddenly for example).
It increases heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar levels.
noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
It constricts blood vessels.
Just like the adrenaline, it increases heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar levels.
The adrenal Medulla is also produces a protein called Chromogranin A, whichinformation is stored and secreted with the adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Capsule
The capsule encloses and protects the adrenal gland.
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